Passenger Pigeon Manifesto...A call to public galleries, libraries, archives, and museums to liberate our cultural heritage. Illustrated with the cautionary tales of extinct species and our lack of access to what remains of them.
I. How many people know about the passenger pigeons?
Martha, the last passenger pigeon to ever live on Earth, died on 1 September 1914. Less than 50 years before her, wild pigeons, as they were also called, flew in flocks of millions in the USA and Canada. Their numbers were so vast their arrival darkened the sky for hours, and branches of trees broke under the collective impact of their landing. Accounts describing how it felt to witness these birds were already unimaginable to most people at the beginning of the 20th century. Still, they are not a matter of poetry but factual natural history.
Simon Pokagon, a Native American Pottawatomi author and advocate, as a young man lived in a time when he could still see passenger pigeons “move in one unbroken column for hours across the sky, like some great river(…) from morning until night”. He noted that even though his tribe already named the birds O-me-me-wog, “why European race did not accept that name was, no doubt, because the bird so much resembled the domesticated pigeon; they naturally called it a wild pigeon, as they called us wild men”. Pokagon writes about witnessing a method of hunting passenger pigeons by feeding them whiskey-soaked mast, rendering them flightless. He was shattered by a tragic parallel: his tribe was devastated by the introduction of mass produced alcohol by white men.
![(Marshall County Republican [Plymouth, Indiana], September 10, 1857, pg. 3.)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passenger_Pigeons_in_the_Indiana_State_Sentinel.png)
II.
The history of the passenger pigeons is accompanied by a ubiquitous disbelief. When the sight of millions was an integral part of the ecosystem and the everyday life of modern America, many did not believe a species of such numbers could go extinct. When their disappearance became an undeniable experience, people said they simply moved to South America. Today, chasing dreams of resurrection in the face of anthropogenic extinctions shows the still continuing failure to understand the finality of their death and come to terms with our responsibility.
Deep under all this, there is a tragic lack of self-reflection on what we, humans, are capable of. Many might try to dismiss this is as being only a matter of older times and societies long since transcended. Yet, there is no need to dig deep. Don’t forget about the widespread denial of climate change. Don’t forget about the anti-narratives to the Black Lives Matter movement claiming systematic racism does not exist, denying any connections to colonialism.
In order to improve, our definition of what it means to be human must include recognising the horrors we are capable of in societies of past and present. The systematic oppression of others and the massacre of billions of animals were done by human beings. Us. We can become better only if we realise that besides all the wonders, this is us too and it can happen again if we don’t change the ways we live together.
III.
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A photo of one of the last thylacines, a species which became extinct when Benjamin died on 7 September 1936. Our imagination tries to grasp it through animals we know: it’s some kind of a tiger or a wolf. But it’s none of that, not even remotely related. What colours did it have? What did it sound like?
How do we feel when we look at photographs of animals long gone? Melancholy, the repressed fear of death, sorrow but also empathy, the desire to act – these are very important feelings. Black and white conveys the sadness of a final loss that no colors can. Photography, no matter how deceptive it can be, is able to wash away cynicism and induce profoundly human emotions – ones we should feel when we think about injustice – human and non-human –, extinction or the climate crisis.
IV.
Looking at history provides a mental space where we can observe humanity and wonder about the whys and what ifs without the immediate frustration of the present. Exactly this removedness is what allows us to recognise and reflect on mistakes and right decisions.
We are supposed to learn from history, yet we don’t have access to it. Historical photographs of extinct animals are among the most important artefacts to teach and inform about human impact on nature. But where to look when one wants to see all that is left of these beings? Where can I access all the extant photos of the thylacine or the passenger pigeon? History books use photos to help us relate to narratives and see a shared reality. But how can we look through our own communities’ photographic heritage, share it with each other and use it for research and education?
Historical photos are kept by archives, libraries, museums and other cultural institutions. Preservation, which is the goal of cultural institutions, means ensuring not only the existence of but the access to historical materials. It is the opposite of owning: it’s sustainable sharing. Similarly, conservation is not capturing and caging but ensuring the conditions and freedom to live.
Even though most of our tangible cultural heritage has not been digitised yet, a process greatly hindered by the lack of resources for professionals, we could already have much to look at online. In reality, a significant portion of already digitised historical photos is not available freely to the public – despite being in the public domain. We might be able to see thumbnails or medium sized previews scattered throughout numerous online catalogs but most of the time we don’t get to see them in full quality and detail. In general, they are hidden, the memory of their existence slowly going extinct.
The knowledge and efforts of these institutions are crucial in tending our cultural landscape but they cannot become prisons to our history. Instead of claiming ownership, their task is to provide unrestricted access and free use. Cultural heritage should not be accessible only for those who can afford paying for it.
V.
Acknowledging the importance of access to information and cultural heritage, and the vital role of public institutions, we call on galleries, libraries, archives, museums, zoos and historical societies all over the world:
1.) Cultural institutions should reflect on and rethink their roles in relation to access. While the current policy landscape, lack of infrastructure and the serious budget cuts do not support openness, cultural institutions cannot lose sight of their essential role in building bridges to culture. Preservation must mean ensuring our cultural heritage is always easily accessible to anyone. Without free, public access, these items will only be objects to be forgotten and rediscovered again and again, known only by exclusive communities.
2.) Physical preservation is not enough. Digital preservation of copies and metadata is essential but due to the erosion of storage, files can get damaged easily. To ensure the longevity of digital items, the existence of the highest possible number of copies is required: this can be achieved by sharing through free access.
3.) Beyond preservation and providing access, institutions need to communicate the existence and content of their collections, our cultural heritage. Even with unlimited access, not knowing about the existence and context of historical materials is almost the same as if they didn’t exist. Approachability and good communication is crucial in reaching people who otherwise have less access to knowledge.
4.) Publicly funded institutions must not be transformed by the market logic of neoliberalism. The role of archives, museums and other cultural institutions, is more and more challenged by capitalism. They need to redefine themselves in ways that allow cultural commodities to be archived, described and shared in the frameworks of open access and open science. The remedy to budget-cuts and marketisation requires wide-scale, public dialogue and collaboration. Involving people from outside of academia has great potential: NGOs, volunteers, open-source enthusiasts, online and offline communities and passionate individuals are a vast resource and should be encouraged to participate. Akin to citizen scientists, there can be citizen archivists.
5.) Liberate and upload all digitised photographs and artworks that are in the public domain or whose copyrights are owned by public institutions. Remove all restrictions on access, quality and reuse while applying cultural and ethical considerations (“open by default, closed by exception”). Prioritize adapting principles and values recommended by the OpenGLAM initiative in the upcoming ‘Declaration on Open Access for Cultural Heritage’.
6.) All collections should be searchable and accessible in an international, digital photo repository. Instead of spending on developing various new platforms for each institution, the ideal candidate for an independent, central imagebase that provides the widest possible reach is Wikimedia Commons. Using Commons would provide an immediate opportunity to release cultural heritage while still allowing the long-term development of digital archives for institutional purposes. Operated by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, Commons is a community managed, open and free multilanguage platform. It provides access to millions of people by sharing images under open licences. Wikipedias of all languages are using Commons to illustrate their articles, and the photos appear on news sites, blogs, and research articles all over the world. Wikimedia is open to collaboration with GLAMs and many institutions are already active on the site including the Digital Public Library of America and the Cultureel Erfgoed. By using Commons, institutions will also benefit: the platform runs on a free and flexible software where photos can be described and categorised using structured data. Utilising the participation of a large and diverse community in catalogising, tagging, publicising and even researching can save time and cut costs. At the same time, institutions will still retain the physical copies and will be able to use the digital photos on their own platforms as well. The images on Commons will also cite their original holding institutions, granting further visibility to their collections and efforts.
Today we are so far ahead in forgetting our past that we came very close to repeating it. Providing free, universal access to culture and knowledge is one of the steps we must take to prevent this.
Signatories
African Digital Heritage • Archives Portal Europe Foundation • Associazione Italiana Biblioteche GOAPD • Center for Open Science • COMMUNIA • Crested Tit Collective • Curlew Action • DARIAH-EU • Europeana Foundation • Humanities for Change • International Centre for Archival Research (ICARUS) • Knowledge Futures Group (MIT) • New Networks for Nature • Open Education Resources Ghana • Open Humanities Press • Open Knowledge Maps • OPERAS • Pensoft Publishers • PHOTOCONSORTIUM • Research Ideas and Outcomes
Daisy M. Ahlstone – Ohio State University
Stacy Alaimo – University of Oregon
Stefan Aumann – Hessian State Office for Regional History
Patrick Barkham – The Guardian
Amy-Jane Beer – Independent, biologist, nature writer
Sarah Bezan – University of Sheffield
Jeroen Bosman – Utrecht University Library
Patricia Brien – Bath Spa University
Ronald Broglio – Arizona State University
Matthew R. Calarco – California State University, Fullerton
Cameron Campbell – Online Thylacine Museum
Fiona Campbell – Independent, artist
Cat Chong – Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Christopher Cokinos – University of Arizona
Marina Cotugno – Independent, photo editor
Thomas Crombez – Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp
Istvan Csicsery-Ronay – DePauw University, Humanimalia
Anna Dempsey – Bath Spa University
Jessica M. DeWitt – Network in Canadian History & Environment (NiCHE)
Tinghui Duan – Friedrich Schiller University Jena
Ehab K. Eid – IUCN Species Survival Commission
Jonathan Elmore – Savannah State University
Frank Fischer – Higher School of Economics (Moscow), DARIAH-EU
Andy Flack – University of Bristol
Errol Fuller – Independent, writer
Madeline B. Gangnes – University of Scranton
Terry Gifford – Bath Spa University
Lucy Gill – University of California Berkeley
Giovanna Gioli – Bath Spa University
Dorothea Golbourne – Independent, sustainability copywriter
Cesar Gonzalez-Perez – Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio (Incipit)
Mitch Goodwin – University of Melbourne
Andrew Gosler – University of Oxford, EWA
Mark Graham – University of Oxford, Fairwork
Jonathan Gray – King’s College London, Public Data Lab
Adam Green – The Public Domain Review
Katrina van Grouw – Independent, writer, illustrator
Gary Hall – Coventry University, OHP
Adam Harangozó – Independent
Donna Haraway – University of California, Santa Cruz
Stevan Harnad – Université du Québec à Montréal, Animal Sentience
Terry Harpold – University of Florida
Caroline Harris – Royal Holloway, University of London
Laura Hellon – Royal Holloway, University of London
Marieke Hendriksen – Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
Charlotte Hess – Digital Library of the Commons, Indiana University
Daniel Himmelstein – University of Pennsylvania
Steve Hindi – Showing Animals Respect and Kindness (SHARK)
Ben Hoare – Independent, author, naturalist
Poul Holm – Trinity College Dublin
Branden Holmes – REPAD
Briony Hughes – Royal Holloway, University of London
Julian Hume – Natural History Museum, London
Richard Iveson – University of Queensland
Sigi Jöttkandt – UNSW Sydney, OHP
Paul Keller – University of Amsterdam, COMMUNIA
Wouter Koch – Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Richard Kock – Royal Veterinary College
John Laudun – University of Louisiana
Peter Maas – Independent, The Sixth Extinction website
Roger Maioli – University of Florida
Christof Mauch – Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, LMU
Daniel Mietchen – University of Virginia
Paolo Monella – Venice Centre for Digital and Public Humanities
Lenore Newman – University of the Fraser Valley
Brian Nosek – University of Virginia, Center for Open Science
Melek Ortabasi – Simon Fraser University
David Ottina – Open Humanities Press
Ben Parry – Independent, artist
Bill Pascoe – University of Newcastle, Australia
Justine Philip – Museum Victoria, University of New England
Bo Poulsen – Aalborg University
Andrew Prescott – University of Glasgow
Kate Rigby – Bath Spa University
Kenneth F. Rijsdijk – University of Amsterdam
Gimena del Rio Riande – University of Buenos Aires, IIBICRIT-CONICET
Antonella De Robbio – E-LIS
Merete Sanderhoff – Statens Museum for Kunst Copenhagen, Europeana
Marco Sartor – University of Parma
Boria Sax – Mercy College
Jeffrey Schnapp – Harvard University
Philip Seddon – University of Otago
Nicole Seymour – California State University, Fullerton
Sadik Shahadu – Global Open Initiative
Stephen Sleightholme – International Thylacine Specimen Database (ITSD)
Cooper Smout – Queensland Brain Institute, IGDORE
Genese Sodikoff – Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
John Sorenson – Brock University
Heather Staines – Knowledge Futures Group (MIT)
Peter Suber – Harvard University
Eline D. Tabak – University of Bristol & Bath Spa University
Simon Tanner – King’s College London
Chao Tayiana – African Digital Heritage, Museum of British Colonialism
Michael P Taylor – University of Bristol
Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra – DARIAH-EU
Kevin Troch – University of Mons, MUMONS
Harry Verwayen – Europeana Foundation
Sacha Vignieri – Science Magazine
Mathew J. Wedel – Western University of Health Sciences
Francisco Welter-Schultes – University of Göttingen
Joshua Williams – Bath Spa University
